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ืื™ื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื”/ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืื• ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช?

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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: โ€œืขื“ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื™โ€

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58ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ , ืชื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื; โ€œืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื’ืฉ, ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืชโ€

ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2011, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืชื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื) ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.

โ€œื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฃ ืžื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžืจื”โ€, ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. โ€œื‘ืฉื ืช 1972, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•, ืืจื”โ€ื‘. ืฆื™ืคื™, ืืฉืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™, ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€.

ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ืฆื‘ืจื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื•ื’ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•. ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืŸ? ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืœืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘โ€™ ืื•ื“ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื™: โ€œืื™ืฉื” ื™ืงืจื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื’ืฉ, ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืชโ€.

โ€œืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืืฉืชื•. ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€, ืื•ืžืจืช ืขื ืช ื”ืจ-ื’ื™ืœ, ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. โ€œืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืœื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืžืฆืช ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื•. ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ื—ื•ืงื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ (ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช) ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื•. ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืื˜ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช. ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ, ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืจื•ื—. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืื—ื–. ืžืžื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”. ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื”, ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื• ืืžืชืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืœืฆืืช ื”ื™ืžื ื”. ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื ืชื‘ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืคื™. ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžืขืžื“, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจื’ืฉ, ืกืชื ื›ืš. ื›ืžื• ื’ื, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืคืจื” ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€œืงื”ืœโ€ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื–ื”. ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช. ืื™ืฉืชื•. ืฆื™ืคื™. ื›ืฉื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืชื, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฉืœื. ืื• ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืงืฆื” ื˜ืงืกื™, ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ืฆื ื•ืข. ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœื”โ€.

ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• 15 ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, 10.6.12-14.6.12, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช 10.00-16.00, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขโ€ืฉ ืื•ืœืžืŸ, ืงื•ืžื” 4.

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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™: ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชืืจื™ โ€œื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€ื•ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

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59ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชืืจื™ โ€œื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืžื—ืงืจื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 76-197 ืื—ื•ื– ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœย  35-60 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 50 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.

ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืืžื“ืช ื‘-21 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช; ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœย  20-25 ืืœืฃ โ‚ช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืง, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœย  +16 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš โ€“ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“: ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ 21 ืžื™ืœื™ืื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื• ื›-20% ืžืกื”โ€ื› ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ื ืืœื”. ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืืœื” ืืฃย  ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช 78,000 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืชืจื•ืžืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืžืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ืืžื“ืช ื‘ื›-16.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ โ‚ช, ืฉื”ื ื›-13% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืงื™ืคื™ื.

ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื“ืŸ ืื ื“ ื‘ืจื“ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 125 ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ืย  ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 41 (ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ) ื”ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื”ื 28 ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื•-13 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช 11 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื., ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื•ืช ื›-80,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืื•ืช ื›-19.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืกืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 45 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.

121 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื“โ€ืง ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช 41% ืžื›ืœืœ 298 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื“โ€ืง. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช (59 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช) ืžื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-28 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010).

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ืืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ โ€œืžื“ืขื˜ืงโ€) ื›ื™ โ€œืœื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื ืงโ€ ื•ื›ื™ ืกืคืง ืื ื’ื ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืืžืฉ ื”ื: ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ืœื™ืง ืฆื“ืจื‘ืื•ื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื“ื™ื“ืจื™ืš, ื’ืืจื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื“โ€ืจ ืืœื™ ืื•ืคืจ, ื’โ€™ื•ืืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’ื•ื ื˜ืจ ืฉืคื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉื” ื™ื ืื™.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”:ย  ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ โ€“ ืžืฉื” ื™ื ืื™, ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืžื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืฆื™ืœื: ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ื”ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ื ืก ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 100 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื•ืกื“.

ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ืืจ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•, ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืขื•ืจืจื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื: ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ืžื ืขื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืก ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืžื”ืจื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช โ€œืขืจื‘ ื—ื“ืฉโ€ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืื”ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื‘โ€ื โ€“ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ โ€œื’ืœ ืฉืงื˜โ€ ืฉื™ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฅ.

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืš ืืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืืžืจ: โ€œื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืจื— ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื”.โ€

ื“โ€ืจ ืื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจืขื ืฆื‘ืจื™ ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจื”: โ€œืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช.โ€

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ื ืก. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืชื™ืจื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื (ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ): ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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61ืžื—ืจ ืชื™ืคืชื— ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ โ€œืขื“ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื™โ€ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™ื ืกื• 14 ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื โ€œืœื™ืจื•ืชโ€ ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช โ€œื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉโ€ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช; ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ื“ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ืขื™ ื–โ€ืœ

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื) ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื›ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ, ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื“ืกื™-ืžื“ืขื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.

โ€œืžื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”โ€, ืืžืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื. โ€œืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืชโ€.

ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ 30 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. โ€œื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืชื™ืžืฉืšโ€, ืืžืจ. โ€œื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅโ€. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื—ืชื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืชืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืื˜ ื‘-MIT ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืช 2012 ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ: ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ (โ€œืขื“ื™ ืœืจืขื™ืชื™โ€) โ€“ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” 10.00 ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืœืžืŸ; ืชื—ืจื•ืช โ€œื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉโ€ (ื”ื˜ืœืช โ€œืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื”โ€ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 30 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข โ€“ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ื”ืจืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ื“ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ืขื™ ื–โ€ืœ (ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™).

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืžืฉืžืืœ) โ€“ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืฆื™ืœื: ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื›ืจ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: โ€œืขื“ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื™โ€

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62ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื)

ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2011, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื), ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื—ื•โ€ืœ.

โ€œืื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื ื•ืชโ€, ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ. โ€œื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืื•ื“ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื’ืฉ, ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•. ืฆื™ืคื™, ืืฉืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™, ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€.

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ 100 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•โ€ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸโ€.

โ€œืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื•ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸโ€, ืื•ืžืจืช ืขื ืช ื”ืจ-ื’ื™ืœ, ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. โ€œื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ื—ื•ืงื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ (ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช) ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื•. ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืื˜ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช. ื”ืืžื™ื™ืœ, ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืจื•ื—. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืื—ื–. ืžืžื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”. ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขื”, ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื• ืืžืชืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืœืฆืืช ื”ื™ืžื ื”. ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื ืชื‘ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืกื›ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืคื™. ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžืขืžื“, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจื’ืฉ, ืกืชื ื›ืš. ื›ืžื• ื’ื, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืคืจื” ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€˜ืงื”ืœโ€™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื–ื”. ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช. ืื™ืฉืชื•. ืฆื™ืคื™. ื›ืฉื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืชื, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืฉืœื. ืื• ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืงืฆื” ื˜ืงืกื™, ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ืฆื ื•ืข. ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœื”โ€.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ): ืขื ืช ื”ืจ-ื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืืฉืชื•, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืจื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื 15 ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, 10.6.12-14.6.12, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช 10.00-16.00, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขโ€ืฉ ืื•ืœืžืŸ, ืงื•ืžื” 4.

โ†ง

ืื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ-ื›ื”ืŸ: โ€œืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• โ€“ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”โ€

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63ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ) ืขืœ โ€œื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ืขื™

โ€œื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืขืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™; ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื–ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืชโ€,ย  ื›ืš ืืžืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ-ื›ื”ืŸ (Abby Joseph-Cohen), ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืืงืก. ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ) ืขืœ โ€œื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ืขื™.

ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืืจื”โ€ื‘, ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื” โ€“ ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.

ืื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ-ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™-ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง โ€“ ื›ืžื™ื–ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืžื–ื’ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื“ืขื™-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื. โ€œื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื–ื•โ€, ืืžืจื”.

โ€œื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืžโ€ื’, ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”,โ€ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”. โ€œืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

โ€œื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช; ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื 8.2%, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” โ€“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-4%. ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืœืžืคืจื ืก ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื 85,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•-20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ื–ื•. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ืคื’ืข ืืžื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืจืžืช ืฉื›ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคื’ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.

โ€œื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื: 50% ืžื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ 8 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื˜ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช 10% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืจืจ, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืš ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืืœื”โ€.

ืื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืžื ื ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจืฆืืชื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ืืช ืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืื‘ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืฃ-ื›ื”ืŸ. ืฆื™ืœื: ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ื”ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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โ€œื‘ื™ืฆื‘ืฅ 2000โ€ณ, โ€œืืกื ื“ืจโ€ื•โ€ืžื›ืฉืคื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืื˜ืโ€ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช โ€œื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉโ€ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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64ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”

โ€œื‘ื™ืฆื‘ืฅ 2000โ€ณ, โ€œืืกื ื“ืจโ€ ื•โ€ืžื›ืฉืคื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืื˜ืโ€ โ€“ ืืœื” ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช โ€œื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉโ€ ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ 100 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ.

ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉืœื™ืš ืœืงืจืงืข โ€œืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื”โ€ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 260 ื’ืจื ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ืืกืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœื™.

ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™, ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืคื’ื™ืขืช โ€œืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื”โ€ ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื•ื—ื–ื•ืชื•.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”-100 ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื โ€“ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 18 ืืœืฃ โ‚ช โ€“ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.

ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื–โ€™-ื—โ€™ ืžืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉ, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.

ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื:

โ€œืžื›ืฉืคื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืื˜ืโ€: ื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ืžืกื’ืจ ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ืชื•, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืขื ื—ืชื ื• ืจื•ื ืŸ ืืฆื™ืœื™ ืžืจืžืช ืฆื‘ื™. ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-12 ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืกืช ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ. ื’ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.

โ€œืืกื ื“ืจโ€: ืคืœื’ ื”ืจืืœ ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื ื” โ€“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ โ€“ โ€˜ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื•ื—ืœโ€™, ืฉื ืคืชื— ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื›ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืš ื˜ื™ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ. โ€˜ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื”โ€™ ื ื’ืจืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ, ื•ืชื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ 2.5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืคืœื’ ื–ื›ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉ.

โ€œื‘ื™ืฆื‘ืฅ 2000โ€ณ: ืื™ื™ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ) ื•ืžืชืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ) ื‘ื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื˜ืจื” โ€“ 21 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืื™ื™ืœ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉ (ื”ื™ื•-ื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื). ืžืชืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื– ื›ื™ืชื” ื˜โ€™, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื ืžืื–ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” โ€“ โ€œื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืกื—ืฃ, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจืงืข. ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืจื˜, ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื™-ืขื ืง.

ืชื—ืจื•ืช โ€œื˜ื›ื ื•ืจืืฉโ€ ื ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœื”, ื ื™ื‘-ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื–โ€ืœ. ื ื™ื‘-ื™ื”, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”โ€ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืืจืก 2003. ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“โ€ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื™ืœืžืŸ (โ€œื“โ€ืจ ื‘ื•ื‘โ€ ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ), ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื”ืกื‘ื ื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ (ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื) ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ื•ืขื ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” โ€“ โ€œืžื›ืฉืคื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืื˜ื. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ื”ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืคื™ืฅ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™

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ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื›ืจืกื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืžืคื™ืฅ. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™, ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฆื™ืคืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื•ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจืข ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืื– ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืื– ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•, ื”ืงื•ืฆืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™, ืืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืคื™ืฅ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ืคืชืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” (ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื) ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืจืชื™ืขื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื•, ืื• ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช, ืขืœ ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื ืจืชืขื™ื ืžื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ vanilloidย  ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืืš ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืคื•ืช.

โ€œื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืฆืฆืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืฆืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืจื—ื‘, ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช), ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžืคื™ืฆื™ืโ€. ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช, ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืžื•ื ื™-ื‘ืœื ืง, ืฉื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื–ืื‘ ืืจื“ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ื• ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. โ€œืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืคืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ โ€˜ื“ื™ืจื‘ื•ืŸโ€™ ืœื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจืกื ื”ืžืคื™ืฅ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ืงื”โ€. ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื—ื™ื”-ืฆืžื— ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ-ื ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืขื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชื•ืš-ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืช.

ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaTFV0Jo26Y

65 66ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช:

ืœืžืขืœื”- ืฆืžื— ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืงื˜ืคื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“). ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ: ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฆื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืื– ืฉืžืฉืคืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื ืžืฆื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืžื•ื ื™-ื‘ืœื ืง

ืœืžื˜ื”- ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคืจื™ ื”ืจื›ืคืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืฆืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™. ื”ืงื•ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืคืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ืฆืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื” ืืš ื ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืžื•ื ื™-ื‘ืœื ืง

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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: โ€œื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™โ€

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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”

โ€œื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™โ€, ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”.

ย ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช, โ€œืขืœื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืชโ€ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื ื–ื™ืœืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืžโ€ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ื•ืขืชืง ืžื—ื™ืคื” ืœืืชืจ ืื—ืจ.

ืžืื– ืคืกืง ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื•ื‘ืืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื (ืฉื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช) ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื•ืจืก ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ืืฃ ื›ื“ืื™. ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืคืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ 450 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื™ืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื โ€œืžืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืคืจืฅ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”โ€.

ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ืคืงื“ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจย  UNISIM ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœื™ื ื“ื” (Linde), ืฉื’ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื˜ืขืžื”. ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืŸ, ื‘ื–ืŸ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ ืื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื. ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืœืœ, ืกืžื ื›โ€ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืจืŸ, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืคืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืžโ€ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. โ€œืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœืงืจืืช โ€˜ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ืโ€™ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”,โ€ ืืžืจ ื”ืœืœ.

โ€œื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“,โ€ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจ ื ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’. โ€œื–ื” ื”ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ื™ืฉืžื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ 19 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€.

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ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœื™ื•โ€ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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67ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื) ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•โ€ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœย  ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืจื ืืœืกื˜ืจ, ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ), ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•: ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™, ื›ืกืคื™ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื™ื•โ€ืจ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•โ€ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ.

ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ,ย  ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2004. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ื™ื•โ€ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”-100 ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: โ€œื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืย  ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื›ื ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช. ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ย ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ืโ€.

ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•โ€ืจ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: โ€œืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ): ื™ื•ืจื ืืœืกื˜ืจ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ื”ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

โ†ง

100 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช โ€œื ืขืโ€ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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samer2

ืชื›ื ื™ืช โ€œื ืขืโ€ (ื ื•ืขืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช โ€œื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืโ€ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื”

ืชื›ื ื™ืช โ€œื ืขืโ€ (ื ื•ืขืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฆื“ื™ืข ืœืžืื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ืจืฆืืช ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ื ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ, ืขืœ โ€œื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืชโ€.ย  ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื›ื ืก ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ืžืจ, ื”ืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ืฉื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ โ€œื ืขืโ€ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.

ืกืืžืจ ื’โ€™ืžืืžืขื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช โ€œืืžื“ื•ืงืกโ€ ื‘ื ืฆืจืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื™ื“ ื™ืคื™ืข, ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. โ€œืืœ ืชื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื ื™โ€, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื. โ€œืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 46 ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื™ืฃโ€.

ืกืืžืจ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจื•. ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ โ€œื ืขืโ€, ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ. โ€œื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸโ€, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ. โ€œืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืš ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. โ€˜ื ืขืโ€™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ื ื”, ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”. ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื’ื ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืคืชืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœื™โ€.

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื™ื•ื’ื‘, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ืกืืžืจ ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืฉืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ. โ€œืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžโ€™ื ืขืโ€™. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™. ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืงืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืชื›ื ื™ืช โ€˜ื ืขืโ€™ ื”ื™ื ื’ืฉืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืžืจื›ื›ืช ืืช ื”ืœื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ โ€˜ื ืขืโ€™ ื•ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•โ€.

ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006 ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” 280 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืกืืžืจ ื’โ€™ืžืืžืขื”

โ†ง

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื โ€œื ืกืชืจื™ืโ€ื‘ืคืœืกืžื”

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kirsik1

ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช. ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื โ€œื ืกืชืจื™ืโ€ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืคืœืกืžื” ื•ืกืชืจื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืคืจื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืžื’ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ โ€œืคื™ืกื™ืงืœ ืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืœื˜ืจืกโ€ (Physical Review Letters).

ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. โ€œ99.9% ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืคืœืกืžื”โ€, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“โ€ืจ ืฉื•ืจื™ืง ื™ืชื•ื ืืฉืจ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืจืกื™ืง ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื”. โ€œื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืœืกืžื” ื•ืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื, ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืขื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื’ืจื ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”โ€.

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืคืœืกืžื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืœื˜/ืกโ€ืž. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื ืงืจื โ€œืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืจืžืืŸโ€. ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืจืกื™ืง

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Thermal Analysis for Energy & Materials Applications

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Nonlinear Wave Phenomena: From weak nonlinearity to sonic vacuum

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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ โ€“ ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืขโ€ื“

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ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืขโ€ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ โ€œืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื. ืชืจื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ืโ€.

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืจืš ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ย ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ

ย ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืžื•, ื”ืชืงื“ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ืœืงื™ื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ื•ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืงื•ืœ ืฆื—ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืœื ืืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ EPS Quantum electronics .

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื›ืš ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืชื ื”ื’, ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืง.

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช. ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ โ€œื ื™ื™ืฆโ€™ืจโ€. ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ โ€œื ื™ื™ืฆโ€™ืจโ€ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘, ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ, ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.

โ€œื”ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชโ€, ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ. โ€œืžื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืœื–ืžื”, ื’ืœื™ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช DNA, ืขืจื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืโ€.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื”ื–ื”?

โ€œื”ื•ื ืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™. ื‘ื‘ืชืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื ืคืชื—ื• ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€.

ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 3 ืขืœืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ. ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ. ืขื ืื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืงืฆืจื•ืช: โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ืคื”โ€.

ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช. ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืงืฉื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกืงื’โ€™ื• ืคื•ื ืชื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช โ€œืžืฉืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ ื‘ื ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ.

ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืชื” ืโ€™ ืœ-ื‘โ€™, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื ืกื™ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื‘ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืžืžืช. ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืžืชื—ื‘ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื–ืœื“ื”.

ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกืงื’โ€™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื”. ื ื™ืฆื” ืžื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ื”ื“ืจ, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–โ€™ ื•ืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, โ€œืขืฃโ€ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื’โ€™. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื” ืฆืคืจื™ืจ, ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืขืชื” ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. โ€œื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืขืžื ืื•ืชื™โ€, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื”. โ€œืœืฉืขื•ืจื™ ืชื โ€ืš ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™โ€ื‘. ืžื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชโ€.

ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ื™ืก. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ 14 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืก โ€œืคื•ื’ื” ืžื’ื™ืกื˜ืจโ€. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืขื” ืžื”ืงื•ืจืก ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”, ื—ื–ืจ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—โ€ืœ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ื ื™. ืœืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื–ืจ. ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกื’ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื•ื’ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ. ืกื’ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชืงืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื—ืงืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื– ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฅ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื•. ื›ืฉืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•.

ืขื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกืžืกื˜ืจื™ื ื•-250 ื™ืžื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื™. ื—ื•ืฅ ืž-250 ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชื™ืจื’ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื ื™ืฉื ืœื˜ืœ ื•ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืชืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘โ€ืงืœื˜ืงโ€ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืจืฆื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1998. โ€œื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืโ€, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ. โ€œื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจโ€, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื“ืจื– ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ.

ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš?

โ€œืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”โ€.

ืืชื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”?

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ ืฆื•ื—ืง ื•ืžืชืงืŸ: โ€œืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื•ืจื. ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื™ืœื“ ืจืข ืฉืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸโ€.

ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื ื“ืœื™ื. ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™, ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื”ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื”ื, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•. ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืฉืจื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืฉืฉื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ืœื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉืœื•, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื’ื‘, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื™ืืฉืจื”. ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ื—ื“ืจื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜: โ€ ืขื’ื•ื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•โ€.

ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ื. ืขืฉืจื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘-MIT, ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ื”ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื–ืื’ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœืืงื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ย ืื™-ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืœื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื™ื, ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื“ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื–ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” โ€“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ืžืืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™: ื”ืืœื•ืžื” โ€œืœื•ื›ื“ืชโ€ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ืžื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื–ื”ื• โ€œื”ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™โ€.

ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื•ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš.

ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— โ€œื ื™ื™ืฆโ€™ืจโ€ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•. ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื˜ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื˜ืœ, ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื”. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืช 1958 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื โ€œื ืชืงืขื™ืโ€ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœืžื‘ื•ื“ื“. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื โ€œืžื™ืงื•ื ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸโ€ ื•ืžืื– ื ื™ืกื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™, ืืš ืœืฉื•ื•ื. ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืขืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ (ื—ื•ืžืจ), ืืœื ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ (ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ).

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36 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช โ€œื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ืชืฉืชืชืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื•ืชืฆื™ืข ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”

ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ 36 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ (8.1.14) ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“, ืฉื™ืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ , ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.

ื—ื‘ืจืช โ€œื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœโ€, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžื” ื•ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืชืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. โ€œืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ,โ€ ืืžืจ ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชื•ืจื’โ€™ืžืŸ, โ€œืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืฉืง ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืชื” ืœื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื™ื•ืงืžื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื’ื– ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ื›ืคืœื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.โ€

ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืคืืœ, ื”ืžื’ื™ื™ืกืช ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืžืื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืชืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื˜ื™ืœ ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ โ€œืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ืงืกืžื™ืโ€ โ€“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™-ืืจื•ืš, ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžืœื.

โ€œื–ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืคืจื™, ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ,โ€ ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืื™ื™ื–ืŸ. โ€œืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€

ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•ืžืจ-ืคื“ื™ื“ื”, ืจืืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื. โ€œืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”.

ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืคืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœืก, ืฆโ€™ืง ืคื•ื™ื ื˜, ืืœื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, EZ chip, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืžืจื•ื•ืœ, ืžืœื ื•ืงืก, ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก, ืกืืŸ-ื“ื™ืกืง, TDK ื•ื™ืื”ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื ืง ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ืงืกืœ ืคืืจืžื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื”ืŸ โ€œื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’โ€, ื”ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ โ€“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืงืจื™ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช.

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ื™ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื 2014 ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’โ€™, 1.4.2014, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช 10:00-14:00, ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช โ€˜ื™ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืโ€™ 2014, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”.

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Physics Colloquium: The fate of the vacuum โ€“ from Galileo to dark energy and dark matter

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