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ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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250,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื—ืคื ื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช

1.ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจื–ื ื™ืง, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืจ ื•ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืคื•ืœืงื•ื‘

ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจื–ื ื™ืง, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืจ ื•ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืคื•ืœืงื•ื‘

ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืจื—ืคื ื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 250,000ย  ื“ื•ืœืจ.

ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืข"ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ื“ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ, ืจืขื™ื” ื•ื“"ืจ ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืกืœืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื“ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.

ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืจื™ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื."

ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืชื— ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืืžืจ: "ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ื™ ื ืฉืืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื”ื• ืงืกื ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ?" ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ืืžืจ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื›ื™ 'ืžื“ืข ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข'. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ืคื— ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืงื“ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช."

ืืœ"ืž ื', ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืžืคื"ืช, ื“"ืจ ืฉื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉื“ื” ืงืจื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืจื—ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืžื•ื ื“ืจ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืจ

ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืžื•ื ื“ืจ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืจ

ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื• ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ (ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช), ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืื™ืฉืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ืš (ื—ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืจื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืื–ื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช), ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจืง ืคื™ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช (ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื˜ืจื”) ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื›ืจืžืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช (ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื—ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™).

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืคืจืก ื’ืžื•ื ื“ืจ (Gemunder) ืœื‘ืจืง ืื•ืจ, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืจืก ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจืก ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืคืจืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ 20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžืœื’ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ืœืœ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืข"ืฉ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช). ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช Autotalks ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืš. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช Hhope. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื•ื ืขืœ "ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื" (Satellite Interception by Game Theory Approach), ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ.

ืคืจืกื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ื’ื ืœื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืคื•ืœืงื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื™ืกื” ืื•ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจื–ื ื™ืง, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข, ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื‘ืจืฉืช. ย ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ืงื™ืจ ืคื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืข"ืฉ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื‘ื™, ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.

ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื’ืœ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืžืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื•ื ืง, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžื•ื ืง, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืค, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927, ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื‘-1948 ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืงื ื“ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื˜ื‘ืง, ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืขืฆื™ ืืฉื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื›-35 ืฉื ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืืจื™ืง ื’ื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจื ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ื“"ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ,

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ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ืŸ

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื“ื”ืŸ

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืื™ืจื™ืช ืื™ื“ืŸ, ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจืคืืœ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืื™ืจื™ืช ืื™ื“ืŸ, ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจืคืืœ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื’ืœ

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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขื ื ื™ื

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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืœืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžืขืจืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช CT, ืืฉืจ ื™ืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื


ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ

(ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ) ืคืจื•ืค' ืงืœืื•ืก ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ

(ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ) ืคืจื•ืค' ืงืœืื•ืก ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ

ืขืฉืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืง"ื’ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืกืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืกืช-ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืกืคืงื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืชืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช CT ืจืคื•ืื™ โ€“ ื”ืžืžืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.

ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, CloudCT, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ืžื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ERC, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื” (ERC Synergy program). ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ "ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืš ื—ืœืงื™ื”ื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื ืง ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.

ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื—ื“:

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ-ืฉื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ืจืŸ ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ืงืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืชย  ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื’ืฉื.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืงืœืื•ืก ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืœืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื•ื™ืจืฆื‘ื•ืจื’, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช-ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.

ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื•ืจืŸ, "ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื’ื ืขื ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ CloudCT ื™ืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืš".

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื›ื ืจ, "ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”) ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”-CT ื”ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘- CloudCTื™ืฆื•ืœืžื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื•ืžืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืจื‘-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืกืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ-CT ืจืคื•ืื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืืŸ ื ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜".

ืืชื’ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ืจื‘, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, "ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžื–ืขื•ืจ. ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืจืฉืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืœืงื“ื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ".

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, "ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืœื”ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื TOM ื•ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจืฆื‘ื•ืจื’". ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื•ืจืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ "ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกืคืง ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืคื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื".

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"ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘-CloudCT", ืื•ืžืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื›ื ืจ. "ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช".

ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื

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ื—ื“ืจ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ืช 2004

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืจ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืฉืงื•, ืคืจื•ืค' ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื. ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ืจ.

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืจ, ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืฉืงื•, ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื
ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ืจ

ื›ืžืขื˜ 50 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื—, ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื ืช 2004, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื

ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื: ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืืชืžื•ืœ (ื™ื•ื ื‘', 17.12.18) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื—ื“ืจ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 โ€“ ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืฉืงื• ื•ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ.

ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ืงื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”, ืื›ืœืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืœ.

ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื—ืชื ื™ ื”ืคืจืก, ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื• ื•ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ื,ย  ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.

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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื: "ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื".

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ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžื—ืงืจ ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™: "ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื• โ€“ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”".

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ืคืจื•ืค' ืœื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜: "ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“", ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, "ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืงื• ื•ืฆ'ื—ื ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืขืœื•".

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ื—ื“ืจ ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื›ืœืœืช ืจืžื‘"ื โ€“ ื™ื“ืข, ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

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"ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“", ืกื™ื›ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, "ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจืœื™ืš, ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื ื•ืคื ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ื›ืขืช โ€“ ื–ื” ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ. ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื›ื—ื™ืคืื™, ื›ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืื™ืฉ ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ื—".

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ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ. ืฆืคื• ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ:ย ย  ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืขืจื™ื›ื”: ืขื•ืคืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจืžื‘"ื.

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ืจื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ืŸ 2018-1964

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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื•ืžืจื›ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืขืœ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ืŸ

ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2018 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื). ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื "ื‘ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื‘ืจื—ืฉื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ; ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ".

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื›ื™ "ืจื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื™ืกื“ื” ืืช ืงืจืŸ ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืจื•ื ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืœ"ืž ืื™ืœืŸ ืจืžื•ืŸ โ€“ ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืงืจื‘, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืกืจืŸ ืืกืฃ ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืก ืงืจื‘ ืืžื™ืฅ. ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื ื—ืžื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื".

ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืš.

ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชื•ืืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื ื” ืจืžื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ:

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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืคืœืืคืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” โ€“ ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

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ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ EIT-Food

ืืœื’ืœืืคืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช

ืืœื’ืœืืคืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช

"ืืœื’ืœืืคืœ" โ€“ ืคืœืืคืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ EIT-Food. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช (micro-algae) ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืœืžืกื—ื•ืจื. ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ, ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื—ืฆื™ืจื”-ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื–ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืžื ื™ืฉื™. ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืคื ื—ืก, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืื•ืจื™ ืœื–ืžืก, ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•.

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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช "ืืœื’ืœืืคืœ" (Algalafel) โ€“ ืคืœืืคืœ ืงืคื•ื, ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืงืกื ืชื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื“ื’ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง.

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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœืกื™ื ืงื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2018, ืฉืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช Doehler. ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืกื›ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืกืงื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืขื•ืžืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ืžืŸ ืžืืœื’ื˜ืง ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื˜ืง. ืืœื’ื˜ืง, ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžืคืชื—ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื–ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื”ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืฃ ื™ื ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”, (ืกืœื˜ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืžื•ืชื’ "ืื—ืœื”") ื”ื ื—ื” ืกื“ื ื” ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ "ื”ื—ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื" ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืคืชื•ื—, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื.

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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืกื“ื ื”. ืฉื•ืจื” ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืกืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื ืžืจื™ ืื“ืœืžืŸ, ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ื’ืจื™ื ืจ, ืจื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจื”, ื˜ื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจืงื™ืจื•ื•ื™, ืžื™ื” ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ื ืŸ, ืืžื™ ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืื ื ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืงื ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืื•ืจื™ ืœื–ืžืก, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื—ื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื–ื™, ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืžื ื™ืฉื™, ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•-ื—ืฆื™ืจื”-ื›ื”ืŸ. ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื ืœื•ืคืœืจ, ืคืจืื•ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืœืžืŸ, ืจืคืืœ ื˜ื•ืช', ื“"ืจ ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ื™ืกืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืื” ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ืงืก, ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื• ืจื•ืงืืจื•, ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืคื ื—ืก ื•ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸ

ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืกื“ื ื”. ืฉื•ืจื” ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืกืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื ืžืจื™ ืื“ืœืžืŸ, ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ื’ืจื™ื ืจ, ืจื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจื”, ื˜ื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจืงื™ืจื•ื•ื™, ืžื™ื” ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ื ืŸ, ืืžื™ ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืื ื ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืงื ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืื•ืจื™ ืœื–ืžืก, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ื—ื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื–ื™, ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืžื ื™ืฉื™, ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•-ื—ืฆื™ืจื”-ื›ื”ืŸ. ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื ืœื•ืคืœืจ, ืคืจืื•ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืœืžืŸ, ืจืคืืœ ื˜ื•ืช', ื“"ืจ ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ื™ืกืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืื” ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ืงืก, ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื• ืจื•ืงืืจื•, ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืคื ื—ืก ื•ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸ

ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื: Doehler ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืืœื’ื˜ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื’ื˜ืง ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฆื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื ื•ืื” ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื ืงืก, ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ื“ EIT-FOOD. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื• ืจื•ืงืืจื•, ืกื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘-EIT-FOOD; ื“"ืจ ืขื ืช ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืงืื•ืช; ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ื ื™, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืžืžืช The Kitchen; ื•ื“"ืจ ืืœื—ื ื“ืจื• ืžืจื‘ื™, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘-Douxmatok. ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื“"ืจ ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ื™ืกืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช Doehler.

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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืืช "ืืœื’ื™ื ื™" โ€“ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืคืจืื•ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืœืžืŸ, ืจืคืืœ ื˜ื•ืช', ื•ื™ื ื™ืืง ืฆ'ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืงืช'ืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ื’ืจื™ื ืจ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื ืœื•ืคืœืจ.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื–ื›ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœืกื™ื ืงื™, ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืืช Spurtti: ืžืขื“ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื” ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ืŸ, ืืžื™ ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืื ื ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืงื ืŸ, ืจื™ืื™ื ื” ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื˜ื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจืงืืจื•ื•ื™, ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื—ื• ื“"ืจ ืื ื”-ืžืื™ื” ืœืžืคื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื ืžืจื™ ืื“ืœืžืŸ.

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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: ืฉื•ืจื” ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื—ื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื—ืฆื™ืจื”-ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืžื ื™ืฉื™, ื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื–ื™ ื•ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ. ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืขื ืช ืืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืกืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืฃ, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ื™, ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืื•ืจื™ ืœื–ืžืก, ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸ ื•ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืคื ื—ืก

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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2018: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฆื‘

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ื“"ืจ ืฉื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืืจื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืขืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘-MIT, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”

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ื“"ืจ ืฉื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™

ื“"ืจ ืฉื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™

ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™, ื”ืฉื•ื”ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘-MIT, ื–ื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื— ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ OSA โ€“ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืื—ืช ืž-8 ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”ย ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœ"ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2018". ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื ืœืจื—ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื›ื“ ืื•ืชื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ Optics Express.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘-2018" ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืคื™ ื“ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืื—ืช ืž-30 ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ Nature.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ืœ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™, ืคืจื•ืค' ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื›ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-OSA.

ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืืจื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช) ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœย  ื•ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืขื™ืฉ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ืœ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘-MIT, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืืœ ืคื™ื ืง. ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืฆื•ืจืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜.

ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”

ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ืœ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ

ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ืœ ื›ืจืžื•ืŸ

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57 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข

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ื™ื•ื ื“', 26.12, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช 10:00 โ€“ 15:00, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก

57 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018. ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“, ืฉื™ืชืคืจืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 129 ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืžืื“ื• ื•ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ืžืื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื: ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ืืœื‘ื™ื˜, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืคืœ, ืฆ'ืง ืคื•ื™ื ื˜, ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืจื•ื•ืœ, ืžืœืื ื•ืงืก, ืกื™ืกืงื•, Biosense Webster, ืจืคืืœ, JP Morgan ื•ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช #ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื™ืจื™ื“ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”

"ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™," ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื ื™ ื ืชืŸ, "ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ึนืช ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ. ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ."

ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ืžืืจื’ื ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. "ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”," ืืžืจื” ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื“ื™ืงืื ื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. "ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื."

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ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

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ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืคื™ื

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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

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ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื

ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื

ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืงื™ืžื• ื™ื—ื“ ืืช "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

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ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ืจืžื™, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืžืจ: "ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืžืขืชื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ืจืš ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืขื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”."

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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืืžืจ: "ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื."

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 ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืคืœืŸ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ืจืžื™.

ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืคืœืŸ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ืจืžื™

ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืจื•ื—. ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืืžืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืจื•ื—, ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืœื’ื•ืœืฉ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืคืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืจืงืข, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื ืคื™ืจื™-ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื’ื. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื. ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: "ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื", ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ ืจื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืชืื™ ื“ืจื™ืžืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ.

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ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืœื”, ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ย ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ืœืฃ, "ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื ืจืชื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ."

ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืื’ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™: ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ื›ื ืชื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.

ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.

ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช The Israeli Olympic Sports Research Center, ื ืจืงื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜.

ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืชืžื•ืœ (ื“') ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™: ื”ื™ื•"ืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ืจืžื™, ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ืขืœ ืืจื“, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืื‘ ืขื•ืžืจ, ืžืืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข: ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืคืœืŸ, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคืณ ื™ื•ืจื ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ.

ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฉืœื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืฉ

ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฉืœื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืฉ

ื™ืขืœ ืืจื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ

ื™ืขืœ ืืจื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ

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ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช

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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ "ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื"

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Nature Microbiology ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”" โ€“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืœื ืžืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ืก.

ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื. ืคื™ืชื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’, ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืคืœื•ืจื™ ื•ืืจื ืกื˜ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืฉื ืช 1945.

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืจื‘ ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืคืจื•ืค' ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืช ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ โ€“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื: ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 2-10 ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช (ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืฃ ฮฑ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื—ื“), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขื•ืœื”.

ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื: ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 10-2 ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช (ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืฃ ฮฑ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื—ื“), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขื•ืœื”.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ "ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื" ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืžื ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ.

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืชืžื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” (ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ) ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืžืชื• ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•.

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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื (NIH), ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
(I-CORE) ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ (ERC).

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ืœืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Nature Microbiology ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ืก (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ)

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ืก (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ)

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2018 โ€“ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”!

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ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ:

ืœืชืคืืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืกืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืื” ืžืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”-70.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2AncpqC

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2Ti0VMf

ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืขื– ืคื•ืงืจื•ื™ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืขื ื— ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช" ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2C1IdBN

ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื•ืกืื ื—ืื™ืง ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืข"ืฉ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2ApsT1x

ื“"ืจ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืžืœืง ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืช "ืžืจืฆื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”" ืœืฉื ืช 2017 ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2TesCpk

ื“"ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืืœ, ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ, ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืืงื•: http://bit.ly/2BOBGtW

ื“"ืจ ืžื™ืจื ืฉืœื—, ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช: http://bit.ly/2PddJVJ

ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก, ื”ืงื˜ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2rAwDbO

ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื: ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืœื›ืชื‘ื”: http://bit.ly/2EZQrgv

2018 - ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”! ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ:

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ื“ื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2019, ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ:

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ืืฉื” ื’ืจื•ื‘ืžืŸ โ€“ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืœื’ ื’ื ื“ืœืžืŸ โ€“ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืจ โ€“ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ืืฉื” ื’ืจื•ื‘ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื.
ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ (T_CODE).

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืœื’ ื’ื ื“ืœืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืจ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜.

ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืจืžื‘"ื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื›ืื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืœื’ ื’ื ื“ืœืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืœื’ ื’ื ื“ืœืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ืืฉื” ื’ืจื•ื‘ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ื™ืืฉื” ื’ืจื•ื‘ืžืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืจ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืจ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜

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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

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ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืžืขื ื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ืฉื ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ 6% โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืืžืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื ืงื‘
ื‘-35% ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• 50%. ืื–โ€ฆ ืื™ืš ื ืชืœื‘ืฉ? ืื™ืš ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื? ื”ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื”?

ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืžื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืืš ืจื•ืคื ืื—ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ื ื™? ื”ืื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื›ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื“ืื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืชื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš? ื”ืื ืœืืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ืœื ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื”?

ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘ โ€“ ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.

ื“"ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืืจื™ืืœื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื ืงื• ื• ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืจืŸ ืกืžื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืข"ืฉ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื -PNAS ย .

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ืืจื™ืืœื™, "ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจื™ื (ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื) ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ (ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช) ืœื‘ืขื™ื”, ืฉืžืกืคืง ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื."

ื“"ืจ ืืจื™ืืœื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืชืืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื. "ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชืืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™-ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืชืืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื."

ืœืžืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช PNAS ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ื“"ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืืจื™ืืœื™ โ€“ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ

ื“"ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืืจื™ืืœื™ โ€“ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืจืŸ ืกืžื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™

ืคืจื•ืค"ื— ืจืŸ ืกืžื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™

ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื ืงื• โ€“ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ

ื“"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื ืงื• โ€“ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ

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ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”

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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืœื’ืื™ืย  ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจ ื™ื–ืžื• ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ "ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”". ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ, ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื’ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืงื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ. ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœื™ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฃ ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื ืื™ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจ.

"ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”" ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ย ย ย ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืคื™ื ื•ืช" ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ื™ืœ: ginat.hadarion@gmail.com

Hadarion โ€“ ย ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง: ื”ื“ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื” 14.1.19 ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืงืกืœ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืจืืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“"ืจ ืขื™ื ืช ืงืœื™ืฉ ืจื•ืชื

ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” - ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” โ€“ ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื”

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ื›ื ืก ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•-ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ: "ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช"

ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืก ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•-ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืก ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•-ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื• ื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืกื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื—ื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื’'ืจืœื“ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืช'ืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืžืŸ. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘-11 ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืคื™ืŸ-ืื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 3.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.

ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ื ืœืžื“ืข, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืข"ืฉ ื”ืœืŸ ื“ื™ืœืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื ืฉื™ื ืœืกื’ืœ.

ืฉืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•, ืžืกืจื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื“ื•ืœืคื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉ"ืžืื– ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”."

ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ืจืง ืฆ'ื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•, ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืจ ื˜ืกืœืจ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•." ืคืจื•ืค' ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื•ืืŸ-ืงืคืœืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ืขืจืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืจ. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข.

ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื ืฉื ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืจืืกืœ ื‘ืจื™ ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก.

โ†ง

ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, 2019-1925

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ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, 2019-1925

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืœื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืจื ืก ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986 ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1957-1965 ื ืžื ื” ืืจื ืก ืขื ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื•ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ืœืœ. "ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืจืจื” ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ืช," ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012 ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืœื ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืชื“ืžื•ืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. "ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ โ€“ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืงืœื˜ืง, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืื™ืš ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืก. ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื”."

"ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ืขื 11 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืื—ืช. ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืž-12 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœ-120 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ืช. ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”."
ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš.

โ†ง

ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”-Data Science ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ

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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื ืก ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช 'ืืœื•ื ื™ื' ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช 8200. ื”ื›ื ืก ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื—"ื˜ ืชื•ืžื›"ื, ืชื"ืœ ืขืจืŸ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืชื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 'ืืœื•ื ื™ื' ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”-Data Science ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ - ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช 'ืืœื•ื ื™ื' ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2018, ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืคืชื— ืœืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืงื“ืžื™, ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช 8200 ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ 'ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ'. ื”ืขืชื•ื“ืื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”-Data Science ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืชื—ื•ื ื”-Data Science ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”-Data Science ื•ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ืขืชื•ื“ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“.

ืจื—"ื˜ ืชื•ืžื›"ื, ืชื"ืœ ืขืจืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: "ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”-Data Science ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 'ืืœื•ื ื™ื', ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืืชื’ืจ, ืืš ืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื›ื ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”."

โ€Œืจืืฉ ืžื ื˜"ื, ืกื"ืœ ืื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก: "ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืœื›ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช 'ืืœื•ื ื™ื' ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”-Data Science ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืชื’ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื•ืื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” "ืื ื™ 'ืืœื•ื ื™ืกื˜' ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื', ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ." ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจ' ืžื ื˜"ื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื˜"ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช 8200 ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืจืคื ื˜ ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ ืœ-Data Science ื•ืจืืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืืœ"ื ืฉ', ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื, ืกื‘ืื—, ืงื•ืจืœื ื“, ื“ื•ืžืฉืœืง ื•ื“"ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืœื›ื•.

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400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ

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ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื MOBiLus ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘-13 ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื•ื˜ืง, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ

ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื™ืงืฆื™ื‘ ื›-400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื• ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื MOBiLus ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.

ื”ืฉื MOBiLus ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื", ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื™ื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘-13 ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ICF.

ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ืจืชืžื• ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื, ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืข"ืฉ ื“ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช.

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจื ืงืœ, "MOBiLus ืชืคืขืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื™ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืจืขืฉ, ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“."

ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ืกืงืจื™ื) ื•ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“) ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.

ื”ืžืขื ืง ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœ-MOBiLus ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ EIT โ€“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช (KIC) ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขื ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ "ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช". ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื MOBiLus ื—ื‘ืจื™ื 48 ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื 11 ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ืก, BMW, ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ืื’ืŸ, ืื•ืจืืงืœ, ืกืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืกื™ืื˜.

ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘

ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘

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ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“

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ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืื“ื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื˜ โ€“ 2018

ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืื“ื” ื”-20, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘-27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื›ื• 7 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื ื•ื™"ื‘. ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœืคื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• 29 ืžื”ื. ื”ืคืจืก ืœื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื’ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืœืื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื”) ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืขื ืื“ื™ืจ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืืชื, ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืื“ื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ื“ืข. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืจืชืง ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื™ืžื™ื”."

ืžืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™"ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ ืžืžืงื™ืฃ ื’' ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื•ืจื“ ื’'ืžื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”' ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžืงืจื‘ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœื™ ืžืจื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื‘ ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง.

ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืื“ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื•ืก ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื—ื” ื’ื ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ. ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื‘ ื•ืžืืžื ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“"ืจ ืื™ื–ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ. ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ, ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”.

ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื“ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื ืขื ืื“ื™ืจ ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืจ ืืœื™ ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื“"ืจ ื’ืœืขื“ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื ืืžืŸ, ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืคืž"ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื‘ืื•ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืคื ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื“"ืจ ื ืขืžื” ื‘ื ื™.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจ, ืžืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืง, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ื‘, ื”ืœืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื“"ืจ ืื™ื–ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืืกืฃ ืžืขื•ื“ื”, ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ, ืจื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื– ืœื•ื˜ืŸ

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจ, ืžืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืง, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ื‘, ื”ืœืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื“"ืจ ืื™ื–ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืืกืฃ ืžืขื•ื“ื”, ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ, ืจื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื– ืœื•ื˜ืŸ

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื•ืก, ื•ื•ืจื“ ื’'ืžื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืžืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืง, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ื‘, ื”ืœืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื“"ืจ ืื™ื–ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื‘, ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ, ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืืœื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื‘

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืื‘ ื’ืจื•ืก, ื•ื•ืจื“ ื’'ืžื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืžืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืง, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ื‘, ื”ืœืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื“"ืจ ืื™ื–ื ื” ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื‘, ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฅ, ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืืœื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื‘

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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ARTS ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื

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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื™ ื•ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื•ื”ื’ืก. ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชืจื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.

ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช Nature Communications ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืŸ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ ืœื•ืงื™ื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ARTS ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื.

ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก

ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก

ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืจืงืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ; ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืืคื™ืชืœ, ืžืชื—ืœืคืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 8-6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื’ืชื• ืืœ ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”, ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืชย ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ (Villi) ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืœื™ืžืคื”. ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื (crypts of Lieberkรผhn) ืฉื”ื ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืขื™. ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืžืชืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืื™ ืืคื™ืชืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื™.

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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ืชืื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจ, ืžืขื™ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช (ืืคื•ืคื˜ื•ื–ื™ืก) ื‘ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจ. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืœืชืื™ื "ืืžื•ืจื˜ืœื™ื™ื" ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื•ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืขื™. ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืื™ื "ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื", ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.

ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืŸ

ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืŸ

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ARTS, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืื“ื. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื™ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืฉืฉ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืžืขื™ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช" โ€“ ืžื™ื ื™-ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” (ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืื™ื“) ื”ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื” ื›ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืขื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.

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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ARTS ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืขื™. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”.

ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืงืื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ARTS, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ARTS, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืก ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื›ื‘ื• ืืช ARTS ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“.

ืคืจื•ืค'-ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ืจื™ ืœื•ืงื™ ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข, ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืงืจืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข (ืงืžื™ืŸ), ICRF RCDAื•-GIF.

ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื ื‘- Nature Communications ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง)

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง)

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื)

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื)

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง - ืชืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข)

ืžื™ื ื™-ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง โ€“ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข)

ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช (ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง โ€“ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข)

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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช

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ื›ื ืก Umbrella ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ย 

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคืœ ื“ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™

ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื›ื ืก Umbrella โ€“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”: ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ืœื™ืš (Jรผlich) ย ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืื›ืŸ (RWTHย  Aachen). ืžื˜ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜.

ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ Umbrella, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืก ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ย RBNI Winter School- ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื“ื•-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ืจืืกืœ ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื›ื ืก ืืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื›-140 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืดืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื›ื ืก.

ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ืš ื›ื ืก ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (""hands on), ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืชื ืกื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื™ืจื‘ ืกื•ื ื“ืง-ืžื™ื ื™ืงืก, ืคื–ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื•ืŸ-ืžืจื ื•ืชื ื™ื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ โ€“ ื•ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.

ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื ืฉื ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื•ืกืงื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ืš ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–. ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื‘ืŸ, "ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ (TEM) ืคื•ืชื— ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘-1997 ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืงื ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื•. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›-800 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•, ื•ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช."

ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืคืœืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช EDS ื•ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. "ื’ืœืื™ EDS ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ X ื•ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืœืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.ืด

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืข"ืฉ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘- Cryo-TEM- ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. "ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืงืจืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืœื ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ."

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืฆื” ืขืœ "ื”ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ" โ€“ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื— ืื˜ื•ืžื™ (AFM) ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืคืจื•ืค' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืงืœืื•ืก ืจื•ืคืจืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื˜ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืงืจืŸ ืžืžื•ืชื’ืช. ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืคืจืก ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื–ื”. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืคืจื•ืค' ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืกื•ื’ Atom Probe Tomography โ€“ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื.

ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ESRF ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื ื™ X ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืณืืŸ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืž-22 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›-10,000 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจืคืœ ื“ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื•ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ืš, ืกืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

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